Carlsson, Chris (2024). the Political Edge > 자유게시판

It could discuss with anybody who's non-heterosexual or non-cisgender, as an alternative of completely to people who find themselves lesbian, gay, bisexual, https://pornevening.com/ or transgender.[5] A popular variant, LGBTQ, provides the letter Q for many who determine as queer or are questioning their sexual or gender id.[6] Another in style variation, LGBTQ+, adds a plus signal with a view to symbolize other identities not perceived to be included in LGBTQ. Many additional variations of the acronym exist, akin to LGBT+ (simplified to encompass the Q idea inside the plus sign), LGBTQIA+ (adding intersex, and asexual/aromantic), and 2SLGBTQ+ (including two-spirit for a term particular to Indigenous North Americans). The LGBT label is just not universally agreed to by everyone that it is usually supposed to include.[7]

History of the term

The primary broadly used term, homosexual, now a term used primarily in scientific contexts, has at times carried negative connotations within the United States.[12] Gay turned a preferred time period within the 1970s.[13]

As lesbians forged extra public identities, the phrase gay and lesbian turned more widespread.[14] A dispute as to whether or not the first focus of their political goals needs to be feminism or gay rights led to the dissolution of some lesbian organizations, including Daughters of Bilitis, which was founded by Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon,[15] however disbanded in 1970 following disputes over which goal ought to take precedence.[16] As equality was a priority for lesbian feminists, disparity of roles between women and men or butch and femme have been viewed as patriarchal. Lesbian feminists eschewed gender function play that had been pervasive in bars as properly because the perceived chauvinism of gay men; many lesbian feminists refused to work with gay men or take up their causes.[17]

Lesbians who held the essentialist view that that they had been born homosexual and used the descriptor lesbian to outline sexual attraction often thought-about the separatist opinions of lesbian-feminists to be detrimental to the reason for gay rights.[18] Bisexual and transgender people also sought recognition as authentic classes throughout the bigger minority group.[14]

In the late 1970s and the early 1980s, after the elation of change following group motion in the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City, some gays and lesbians turned much less accepting of bisexual or transgender folks.[19][3] Critics[like whom?] mentioned that transgender individuals have been appearing out stereotypes, and bisexuals had been merely gay males or lesbian girls who had been afraid to return out and be sincere about their identity.[19] Each group has struggled to develop its personal identification together with whether or not, and how, to align with different gender and sexuality-based communities, at times excluding other subgroups; these conflicts continue to at the present time.[3] LGBTQ activists and artists have created posters to raise consciousness about the issue since the motion began.[20]

From about 1988, activists began to use the initialism LGBT within the United States.[21] Not until the nineteen nineties inside the motion did gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people gain equal respect.[3] This spurred some organizations to undertake new names, because the GLBT Historical Society did in 1999.[22] Although the LGBT group has seen a lot controversy concerning common acceptance of various member teams (bisexual and transgender people, particularly, have sometimes been marginalized by the larger LGBT group), the term LGBT has been a positive symbol of inclusion.[5][3]

Although LGBT doesn't nominally encompass all individuals in smaller communities (see Variants below), the term is usually accepted to incorporate these not particularly recognized within the four-letter initialism.[5][3] Overall, the usage of the term LGBT has, over time, largely aided in bringing in any other case marginalized people into the final neighborhood.[5][3] Transgender actress Candis Cayne, in 2009, described the LGBT community as "the last great minority", noting that "we can still be harassed openly" and be "known as out on tv".[23]

In 2016, GLAAD's Media Reference Guide states that LGBTQ is the preferred initialism, being extra inclusive of youthful members of the communities who embrace queer as a self-descriptor.[24] Some individuals consider queer to be a derogatory term originating in hate speech and reject it, especially among older members of the community.[25]

Variants

Many variants exist, such as the extra inclusive LGBT+ and variations that change the order of the letters or embrace extra letters. At the very least some of the components of sexuality (regarding hetero, bi, straight), and in addition gender are said to be on different spectrums of sexuality.[27][28] Other widespread variants additionally exist, reminiscent of LGBTQIA,[29] with the I standing for intersex and the A standing for asexual, aromantic, or agender,[30][31] and LGBTQIA+, where "[t]he '+' represents those who are a part of the community, however for whom LGBTQ does not precisely capture or reflect their identification".[32] Longer initialisms have been criticized as complicated or unwieldy,[33][34][35] sometimes being referred to as "alphabet soup",[36] and mocked with labels such as LGBTQWERTY, LGBTQXYZ, and alphabet mafia.[37][38][39] The implication that the initialism refers to a single group can be controversial.[7]

Although identical in which means, LGBT may have a extra feminist connotation than GLBT because it locations the "L" (for "lesbian") first.[3] LGBT might also embody extra Qs for "queer" or "questioning" (sometimes abbreviated with a question mark and typically used to imply anybody not actually L, G, B or T) producing the variants LGBTQ and LGBTQQ.[40][41][42] The order of the letters has not been standardized; in addition to the variations between the positions of the initial "L" or "G", the mentioned, much less common letters, if used, might seem in virtually any order.[3] In Spain, LGTB is used, that's, reversing the letters "B" and "T".[43] Variant terms don't sometimes characterize political differences inside the group, but come up merely from the preferences of individuals and groups.[44]

The terms pansexual, omnisexual, fluid and queer-recognized are regarded as falling underneath the umbrella term bisexual (and subsequently are considered part of the bisexual group). Some use LGBT+ to imply "LGBT and associated communities".[28] Other variants may have a "U" for "unsure"; a "C" for "curious"; another "T" for "transvestite"; a "TS", "2S", or "2" for "two-spirit" individuals; or an "SA" for "straight allies".[45][46][47][48][49] The inclusion of straight allies within the LGBT initialism has confirmed controversial, as many straight allies have been accused of utilizing LGBT advocacy to realize reputation and standing lately,[50] and various LGBT activists have criticised the heteronormative worldview of certain straight allies.[51] Some may add a "P" for "polyamorous", an "H" for "HIV-affected", or an "O" for "other".[3][52] The initialism LGBTIH has seen use in India to encompass the hijra third gender identification and the associated subculture.[53][54]

Adding the time period allies to the initialism has sparked controversy,[55][56] with some seeing the inclusion of ally rather than asexual/aromantic/agender as a form of LGBT erasure.[30][57][58] There can also be the acronym QUILTBAG (queer and questioning, unsure, intersex, lesbian, transgender and two-spirit, bisexual, asexual and aromantic, and gay and genderqueer).[59] Similarly LGBTIQA+ stands for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer/questioning, asexual and lots of different phrases (comparable to non-binary and pansexual)".[60][61]

In Canada, the community is generally recognized as LGBTQ2 (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and two spirit).[62] Depending on which organization is using the abbreviation, the choice of initialism adjustments. Businesses and the CBC often simply employ LGBT as a proxy for any longer abbreviation, personal activist teams typically employ LGBTQ+,[63] whereas public health providers favour the extra inclusive LGBT2Q+ to accommodate twin spirited indigenous peoples.[64] For a time, the Pride Toronto organization used the much lengthier initialism LGBTTIQQ2SA, however appears to have dropped this in favour of simpler wording.[65] Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was additionally criticized for using the 2SLGBTQQIA+ initialism.[66][67] As of July 2023, the federal government of Canada's official time period is 2SLGBTQI+.[68] Trudeau's new acronym was criticized by some social media users.[69]

Transgender inclusion

The time period trans* has been adopted by some groups as a more inclusive various to "transgender", where trans (without the asterisk) has been used to explain trans men and trans ladies, while trans* covers all non-cisgender (genderqueer) identities, including transgender, transsexual, transvestite, genderqueer, genderfluid, non-binary, genderfuck, genderless, agender, non-gendered, third gender, two-spirit, bigender, and trans man and trans woman.[70][71] Likewise, the time period transsexual commonly falls beneath the umbrella term transgender, but some transsexual people object to this.[3]

Intersex inclusion

Those who add intersex people to LGBT groups or organizations may use the prolonged initialism LGBTI,[72][73] or LGBTIQ.[74]

The relationship of intersex to lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans, and queer communities is advanced,[75] but intersex folks are often added to the LGBT class to create an LGBTI community. Some intersex folks favor the initialism LGBTI, whereas others would reasonably that they not be included as a part of the time period.[73][76] Emi Koyama describes how inclusion of intersex in LGBTI can fail to address intersex-particular human rights issues, together with creating false impressions "that intersex people's rights are protected" by laws protecting LGBT folks, and failing to acknowledge that many intersex folks should not LGBT.[77] Organisation Intersex International Australia states that some intersex individuals are identical-intercourse attracted, and some are heterosexual, but "LGBTI activism has fought for the rights of people that fall outside of anticipated binary intercourse and gender norms".[78][79] Julius Kaggwa of SIPD Uganda has written that, while the gay group "affords us a spot of relative safety, it's also oblivious to our particular needs".[80]

Numerous research have proven greater rates of similar-intercourse attraction in intersex people,[81][82] with a current Australian study of individuals born with atypical intercourse traits finding that 52% of respondents had been non-heterosexual;[83][84] thus, research on intersex topics has been used to discover technique of stopping homosexuality.[81][82] As an expertise of being born with intercourse traits that don't match social norms,[85] intersex will be distinguished from transgender,[86][87][88] whereas some intersex individuals are both intersex and transgender.[89]

Asexual, aromantic and agender inclusion

In the early 2010s, asexuality and aromanticism began gaining wider recognition. Around 2015, they have been included in the expanded initialism LGBTQIA, with the A standing for asexual, aromantic, generally grouped collectively as a-spec along with agender.[30][31]

Asexual people expertise minimal to no sexual attraction to others, and it is essential to acknowledge that asexuality is a respectable sexual orientation, not a deficiency or a brief state. Similarly, aromantic people lack romantic attraction to others, but they can nonetheless forge profound emotional connections and strong bonds with folks without the romantic component. Furthermore, agender people both have no gender id or possess a impartial or genderless gender id.[90]

Some folks have mistakenly claimed the A stands for ally, however allies should not a marginalized group and mentions of A for ally have usually sparked controversy as a type of LGBT erasure.[55][56]

Criticism of the term

The initialisms LGBT or GLBT aren't agreed to by everyone that they encompass.[7] For example, some argue that transgender and transsexual causes will not be the identical as that of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) folks.[92] This argument centers on the concept that being transgender or transsexual has to do extra with gender id, or an individual's understanding of being or not being a man or a woman no matter their sexual orientation.[3] LGB issues might be seen as a matter of sexual orientation or attraction.[3] These distinctions have been made within the context of political action wherein LGB objectives, such as similar-sex marriage legislation and human rights work (which may not embody transgender and intersex folks), could also be perceived to differ from transgender and transsexual goals.[3]

A perception in "lesbian and gay separatism" (to not be confused with the related "lesbian separatism") holds that lesbians and gay men kind (or should kind) a neighborhood distinct and separate from different teams normally included in the LGBTQ sphere.[93] While not at all times showing in sufficient numbers or organization to be referred to as a motion, separatists are a major, vocal, and lively component within many parts of the LGBT community.[94][93][95] In some instances separatists will deny the existence or proper to equality of bisexual orientations and of transsexuality,[94] sometimes leading public biphobia and transphobia.[94][93] In contrasts to separatists, Peter Tatchell of the LGBT human rights group OutRage! argues that to separate the transgender movement from the LGB could be "political madness", stating that:[96]

Queers are, like transgender people, gender deviant. We don't conform to traditional heterosexist assumptions of male and feminine behaviour, in that we have now sexual and emotional relationships with the identical sex. We should celebrate our discordance with mainstream straight norms.

The portrayal of an all-encompassing "LGBT neighborhood" or "LGB community" can also be disliked by some lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people.[97][98] Some don't subscribe to or approve of the political and social solidarity, and visibility and human rights campaigning that usually goes with it, including LGBT satisfaction marches and occasions.[97][98] A few of them imagine that grouping together folks with non-heterosexual orientations perpetuates the myth that being gay/lesbian/bi/asexual/pansexual/and so forth. makes an individual deficiently totally different from different folks.[97] These folks are often much less visible compared to extra mainstream gay or LGBT activists.[97][98] Since this faction is difficult to tell apart from the heterosexual majority, it is not uncommon for people to assume all LGBT people support LGBT liberation and the visibility of LGBT folks in society, including the best to dwell one's life in another way from the majority.[97][98][99] Within the 1996 ebook Anti-Gay, a set of essays edited by Mark Simpson, the concept of a 'one-dimension-suits-all' identification primarily based on LGBT stereotypes is criticized for suppressing the individuality of LGBT folks.[100]

Writing within the BBC News Magazine in 2014, Julie Bindel questions whether the varied gender groupings now, "bracketed together[,] ... share the same issues, values and targets?" Bindel refers to a variety of possible new initialisms for differing combinations and concludes that it could also be time for the alliances to both be reformed or go their "separate methods".[101] In 2015, the slogan "Drop the T" was coined to encourage LGBT organizations to stop help of transgender individuals; the campaign has been widely condemned by many LGBT teams as transphobic.[102][103][104][105]

Alternative phrases

Queer

Many have expressed desire for an umbrella term to exchange current initialisms.[94] Queer gained reputation as an umbrella-term for sexual and gender minorities in the twenty first century.[106] The time period stays controversial, particularly amongst older LGBT people, who perceive it as offensive as a consequence of its historical usage as a slur,[106] as well as those that wish to dissociate themselves from queer radicalism,[107] and people who see it as amorphous and trendy.[108] Some youthful folks feel queer is a extra politically charged, extra powerful term than LGBT.[109][110] In a 2018 U.S. examine, about 1 in 5 LGBTQ people recognized as "queer".[106]

SGM/GSM/GSRM

SGM, or GSM,[111] an abbreviation for sexual and gender minorities, has gained explicit currency in authorities, academia, and drugs. GSRM can also be used to include romantic minorities resembling aromanticism.[112][113] It has been adopted by the National Institutes of Health,[114] the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services[115] and the UCLA Williams Institute, which studies SGM law and policy.[116] Duke University and the University of California San Francisco each have prominent sexual and gender minority well being applications.[117][118] An NIH paper recommends the time period SGM because it is inclusive of "those who might not self-identify as LGBT … or those who've a specific medical condition affecting reproductive development".[119] A publication from the White House Office of Management and Budget states, "We imagine that SGM is extra inclusive, as a result of it consists of persons not specifically referenced by the identities listed in LGBT."[120]

A UK authorities paper favors SGM because initials like LGBTIQ+ stand for phrases that, especially outside the global North, are "not necessarily inclusive of native understandings and phrases used to describe sexual and gender minorities".[121] An example of usage outside the global North is the Constitution of Nepal, which identifies "gender and sexual minorities" as a protected class.[122] Similarly, the Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court of India when decriminalizing homosexuality in the case of Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018), stated:[123]

Individuals belonging to sexual and gender minorities experience discrimination, stigmatization, and, in some circumstances, denial of care on account of their sexual orientation and gender identification. However, it will be significant to notice that 'sexual and gender minorities' do not represent a homogenous group, and experiences of social exclusion, marginalization, and discrimination, as well as particular well being wants, vary significantly. Nevertheless, these people are united by one issue - that their exclusion, discrimination and marginalization is rooted in societal heteronormativity and society's pervasive bias towards gender binary and reverse-gender relationships, which marginalizes and excludes all non-heteronormative sexual and gender identities.[124]

Further umbrella terms

In Canada particularly, the term 2SLGBTQ+ is seen, with the first two characters standing for 2-spirit; the entire time period stands for two-spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer and questioning, and is meant as a term encompassing all sexual- and gender-minorities. For some indigenous individuals, two-spirit invokes a combination of identities, together with sexual, gender, cultural, and spiritual.[125]

Some folks advocate the term "minority sexual and gender identities" (MSGI, coined in 2000) for the purpose of explicitly together with all individuals who are usually not cisgender and heterosexual or "gender, sexual, and romantic minorities" (GSRM), which is extra explicitly inclusive of minority romantic orientations and polyamory, however those have not been widely adopted both.[126][127][128][129][130] Other rare umbrella phrases are Gender and Sexual Diversities (GSD),[131] MOGII (Marginalized Orientations, Gender Identities, and Intersex) and MOGAI (Marginalized Orientations, Gender Alignments and Intersex).[132][133]

SGL (same gender loving) is generally favored amongst gay male African Americans as a approach of distinguishing themselves from what they regard as white-dominated LGBT communities.[134]

Clinical

In public well being settings, MSM ("males who have sex with males") is clinically used to describe men who've intercourse with different males without referring to their sexual orientation, with WSW ("ladies who have sex with women") additionally used as an analogous term.[135][136]

MVPFAFF

MVPFAFF is an abbreviation for Māhū, Vakasalewa, Palopa, Fa'afafine, Akava'ine, Fakaleitī (Leiti), and Fakafifine. This time period was developed by Phylesha Brown-Acton in 2010 on the Asia Pacific Games Human Rights Conference.[137] This refers to these in the rainbow Pacific Islander neighborhood, who might or could not determine with the LGBT initialism.[138]

See additionally

LGBT portal
Androphilia and gynephiliaGender and sexual rangeLGBT symbolsTakatāpui - the Māori language equivalent of LGBT
References

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